Friday, 15 April 2016

Critical Investigation

“The battle for London”[1]
Did the news media provide a fair and accurate representation of British youth during the 2011 riots?
Despite the fact that the majority of people involved in the London riots were youths, was there a fair and accurate representation of British youth? The Daily Mirror which is a redtop tabloid newspaper wrote "British youths are the most unpleasant and violent in the world"[2], just two days after the tragic events took place. The rioters were mainly given a negative representation without the majority of mainstream news companies explaining or considering the reasons behind the riots which led to British youth being left in a dark light. TV news stations such as the BBC and SKY news focused less on the rioters involved in the live media coverage. They only had live footage with the breaking news headline “London riots”.
The national outbreak occurred when the unarmed 29 year old Tottenham resident Mark Duggan was killed by the British police as he suffered from a gunshot wound to the chest; the death of Mark Duggan resulted in peaceful protest which took place outside of Tottenham police station. This then went on to cause a national outrage amongst the British youth which caused major riots which started off in the streets of London and the proceeded to other cities around the UK; the rioters were causing arson, looting stores, violently robbing civilians and causing chaos in groups. People claimed that the anger against the British police is what triggered the events. Others believed that youths rioted for different reasons. For example, "Youths are frustrated; they want all the nice clothes. They ain’t got any money, they don't have jobs,"[3] this is a serious issue amongst the youths and many believed that this was the main cause of the chaos in London. In addition, “A 41-year-old youth worker told Rioters, stood outside the Pembury estate, the scene of much of the trouble on Monday night and home to mostly young black people.”[4] This would link to Alvarado’s theory of racial representations in terms of black people. For example, it would link to the ‘Dangerous’ group of representations which means that they are associated to crime gangs and are socially dysfunctional.
This was a major tragedy for Britain and caused a moral panic across different communities this is supportive of Stanley Cohen’s theory of moral panics and he suggested that “a moral panic occurs when a condition, episode, person or group emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests”[5]; He also believed that the media are most responsible for enforcing moral panics – even if it’s just by reporting news, this explains how the London riots caused a moral panic through youth disorder. “A moral panic is an instance of public anxiety or alarm in response to a problem regarded as threatening the moral standards of society.”[6]
In this essay there will be an investigation of how British youth have been represented in the media and how much the negative stereotype of youths is reinforced in the media, there was a variety of different headlines and articles published by the major players in British news media.
British newspapers consistently featured dramatic images of what the Daily Mirror called 'young thugs with fire in their eyes and nothing but destruction on their mind'[7], or the Daily Express called simply 'flaming morons'[8]. The riots took place in different towns across the whole of London. It then eventually spread to other cities around the UK such as Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Nottingham, Manchester and Salford. The riots eventually resulted in the death of 5 people and 16 people were injured directly from violence. It also lead to a mass deployment of the British police which lead to more than 3,000 arrest across the UK and approximately £200 million worth of property damage.
In the past, youths have been negatively portrayed in the media, according to statistics; “More than half of the stories about teenage boys in national and regional newspapers in the past year (4,374 out of 8,629) were about crime. The word most commonly used to describe them was ‘Yobs’ (591 times), followed by ‘thugs’ (254 times), ‘sick’ (119 times) and ‘feral’ (96 times)”. [9]There were also other terms used to describe the youth such as “scum”, [10]“Inhuman” [11]and “threatening”. [12]During the riots these were some of the popular words used by mid-market tabloid newspaper ‘The Daily Mail’ and redtop newspaper ‘The Sun’.
 It was quite interesting how British youth were being described so strongly without as much consideration in comparison to the positives characteristics of most of the youths in Britain, they were described using words such as; “Feral youth, the hoodies and yobs that apparently rampage uncontrolled in our cities, bent simply on destruction for its own sake”.  [13] This quote shows us how negatively the British youth are being described and are being blamed for the destruction of the entire city. In addition, the MP John Hemming said “The looting and vandalism is done by ill-disciplined youths.” [14] The use of his words to describe the youth were quite harsh and offensive which gave a negative look on British youth as a whole and since he is an MP many people would value his opinion due to his respected position in power and agree.  In addition, Ian Haywood mentioned in his book “Amongst the key findings were that 98% felt that the media always, often or sometimes represents them as antisocial."[15] This shows us that youths being represented in a negative way by the media isn’t something new and is something that happens quite often.
This goes in hand with Medhurst’s theory of stereotypes, which believes that there is a short hand to identify a large group of people (youth). “A continuing position in youth crime in urban areas of Britain which makes sense as a form of shorthand within the accepted norms of the newspaper” [16]  The London Evening Standard also described the youths in a negative way; “These are bad people who did this. Kids out of control. When I was young it was all pac-man and board games. Now they’re playing Grand Theft Auto and want to live it for themselves”[17] The person who said this is describing how the youths have changed and developed negatively over the years.
The way the Daily Mirror (tabloid newspaper) described the youths on the 13th of august 2011 was very extreme. The daily mirror is a left wing newspaper that is known for having a large working class audience. Left wing beliefs are generally progressive, they have beliefs of supporting each other and in equality, “They believe in equality over the freedom to fail”.  [18] They usually support the labour party and the green party however; it was interesting how they were promoting a Conservative ideology throughout their coverage on the riots by not being understanding about the misguided youths in London and just blaming them.    “Anarchy in the UK – Teenage wasteland, with their hoodies and bandanas no longer hiding their faces, the thugs who left us in the grip of anarchy”. [19] The use of the words ‘Teenage Wasteland’[20] is very interesting because it is basically trying to explain that the teenagers in the UK are so evil that they have caused the UK to become a wasteland. In addition, there was the use of one image in particular which was of a young man wearing an Adidas hoodie, this image reinforced the stereotypes on British youths which believe that young people are chavs, negative and violent people, and this image also looks very dark to the audience which creates a sense of fear for them and reinforces the belief that British youths are similar to villains. There was also a secondary image used was the aftermath of the London riots, the scattered remains of the riots illustrates the apocalypse like anarchy caused from the riots. The shot also connotes the aftermath of rage, violence and pent up anger towards the community. In addition, there is also a female laying down on the floor who looks like she has fallen out of a burning building and she’s being supported by heavily armed police, this image would make people feel sympathy towards her which would result in more anger towards the people blamed who were British youths.
Many people would argue that the representations of the British youth were very inaccurate during the London riots. An interesting statistic from the youth media agency was “76% of reporting of young people is negative and only 12% of crime in general is committed by young people”[21], this is quite shocking because it shows how much the British youth have been targeted and misrepresented by the Media. Another quote which sparked a debate was “An estimated 15,000 people were involved in the riots; about one-quarter was aged under 18”[22] It’s quite interesting when you look at the statistics because it actually contradicts what the British media is trying to argue who could have been trying to promote a particular type of ideology or could have been simply just trying to sensationalise.  
A question that many people ask is ‘what caused the riots’ and this is a debatable question because there are multiple reasons for what may have triggered the riots. For example, you could consider the unemployment rates amongst youth in London; “The unemployment rate between 16-24 year olds during 2011 rose up to 991,000 which were more than double the rate for the UK.”[23] Since unemployment rates are continuing to increase, young people are struggling to get jobs in order to pay for essentials they may need, this could be a factor which caused quite a few people to part take in the riots, this is because research showed that there was a direct correlation between the amount of people behind on bills and the crime rate in London. However, there wasn’t much focus on this topic post riots which is what we would’ve expected to see from newspapers such as The Guardian. Owen Jones also mentioned in his book "you're seen as more likely to commit crime and most likely to be unemployed"[24]
Another factor was police harassment, the British police have been facing criticism for targeting young people, and there were complaints about police over using their power to stop and search members of the public. A twenty year old man from Clapham was interviewed by the Guardian and he was asked what he thought about the reasons behind the London riots, his response was; “I’m angry and frustrated. I feel the same as them. Angry with everything – society, police, the way the treat us. They don’t treat us like human beings. I’ve been stopped and searched and I’ve refused to give my details.” [25]From this we get an understanding of what some of the youth in London have to go through when facing the Police and many people have come to the belief that this is the fuel for the London riots. In addition, people believed there is a direct correlation between unemployment rates and crime within the UK. In 2012 Clive Bloom said; “Youth unemployment are signs of increasing crime, relationships between communities and the police and the use of stop and search”[26] in his book about protests and rebellion in the capital. In addition,
On the other hand, it’s quite interesting when you compare the difference between broadsheet newspapers coverage in comparison to a tabloids. For example, The Guardian who is a broadsheet newspaper reported the day after the riots. The Guardian are well known for their left wing beliefs as they usually cover stories with a lot of background information and knowledge, they usually have a firm political stance and editorial opinion. The Guardian is a fairly mainstream newspaper who has a mass target audience of the demographic group ABC1.
They titled the article saying "Blame the police; "why the rioters say they took part". [27]During the London riots a lot of people didn’t understand the reason why all these youths had so much anger, there was the belief that the riots were just because of the police assassination of Mark Duggan, however a lot of other people who rioted had their own reasons such as; Previous police harassment, government not supporting the lower class and the misrepresentations of society. 
The language shows that this newspaper isn’t going directly at the youth but it is showing that they are showing both sides of the story. This is mainly targeted at the ABC1 audience which are people who probably wouldn’t have any links to the youth and they won’t understand what they go through. There was an interview with Kenneth Clark who is the justice secretary and he made a comment saying “Britain had cultivated a ‘lost generation’ of young people”[28] In addition, he also mentioned “Britain was already in the thick of a moral panic concerning its young people. Its constituent elements were gangs, shootings, stabbings, family dysfunction, lack of community cohesion, and the hovering background ambience of gangsta rap” [29] this was a very bold statement he expressed because he only focused on the negative beliefs about the British youth without even considering saying ‘Some’ or ‘a few’ rather than speaking about the British youth as a whole.
This represents the youth to be protesters rather than rioters because this newspaper is probably trying to communicate that there is a reason behind them protesting rather than doing it just to loot. Next, they have also included quotes from the youths who participated in the riots and in these quotes they show a lot of anger towards the police. The Guardian also didn’t use any images of anyone involved in the riots which was interesting, this is because they weren’t primarily focusing on who caused the riots and were more interested in the wider context and the reasons behind the riots. This supports the left wing beliefs which is what The Guardian is known for.
In comparison, the Daily Mail who are tabloid newspaper which is completely different to the broadsheet one.  The Daily Mail are right wing newspaper who have more of a negative perspective on British youths. Right wing beliefs have less of a care about equality and are more interested in people/communities being responsible for themselves, “They believe in freedom to succeed over equality”. [30] The Daily Mail’s target audience are more of the lower working class people.
This can be seen immediately from the use of images. in the picture you can see a British youth who is represented to be a villain to society, this is because in the image we can see the youth who is wearing a hooded tracksuit and covering his face, and behind him there is a large fire which looks like it came from a car explosion, from the first look at this image we get a an understanding that they are trying to create a sense of fear for the audience. Next, the title says "The anarchy spreads" [31]this word means a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling systems. In addition, there was a also a quote on the front page saying "To blame the cuts is immoral and cynical. This is immoral criminality pure and simple" [32]this quote is basically expressing that the rioters are pure criminals and are rioting for no logical reason whereas the Guardian talks about both sides and also speaks from the rioters perspective. This image reinforces the popular stereotype which believes that young British males are chavs, negative and violent people.
This can be linked to Medhurst’s theory of stereotypes which believes that we label a group of people as a shorthand to describe them. This image also looks very dark to the audience which makes them get the understanding that these youths are uncontrollable. Also, the fire in the image shows that these youths are creating hell. In conclusion, this shows the difference on how a broadsheet delivers news and a tabloid paper delivers news. In addition, the established UK rapper ‘Skepta’ said a meaningful lyric one of his songs ‘Castles’ which was “Tell Boris he’s lucky that I made it rapping or I would’ve been looting too” [33] by Skepta touching up on this subject we understand that he fully understands the positions which the rioters are in, this is evident as he indicated that he used to be in their predicament and believes that the only thing that separates him from the rioters is his ability to make music. This could link to the two step flow model theory because Skepta is an opinion leader and is very much respected in society and from him saying this lyric it could have indirectly encouraged rioters to participate and influence the youth who may look up to him.  
This isn’t the first riots that have happened in London; in 1981 there was a riot which took placed in Brixton, London. This was a major dispute between the local members of the public and the police. This eventually resulted in approximately 280 injuries to police and 45 injuries to members of the public. There was also mass damage to police vehicles and buildings. Reports suggested approximately 5,000 people were involved. If we compare how the news was reported back in 1981 in comparison now, we are easily able to see the difference. For example, The Sun reported a day after the Brixton riots and the title of the paper said "To think this is England" this shows us that the paper then blamed the whole country for these events all though it was only a small part of the country that took part. Also, they didn't target a specific minority when they were talking about who was involved. This newspaper also promotes the fact that England was going through and moral panic and that they were all together.
On the other hand, the second paper from the 2011 riots is completely different to the first paper. This is automatically visible from the title which says "Flaming morons" this shows us that they are directly targeting a group of people who were involved, in addition, the use of image is also quite extreme as they have an image of a burning car in the background of a youth in a hooded jumper. This shows us how much society’s morals have change as back in 1981 if something happened in the UK the media would blame themselves as a whole whereas now the media is attacking certain groups of different people (mainly minorities). Also, there is a line which says "Thugs and thieves terrorise Britain's streets"[34] this shows us that the media are portraying the youth to be the only victims as they didn't focus on the reasons behind it. The media also try to make the people who participated in the riots to not be part of the British society as they may be ashamed of what's happened.
Almost a year after the riots rapper/singer Plan B became a voice for the younger generation. Plan B formally known as Ben Drew is an English rapper/singer, actor, film director and producer. He was raised in Forest Gate, East London which is known for being a lower class area. In 2012 Plan B held a ‘TedX’ talk where he spoke about some of the issues amongst British youth and the British news media. Throughout this talk Plan B explained that he developed lots of beliefs and political views after he started making music and getting into the production world. He started to understand how the media works and what its relationship is like with the youths.
He believed that the media ‘demonize’ [35]the London youth who come from working class backgrounds and the youths that live in council estates. He said that the youths are looked down upon so much that they stop respecting the media and authority therefore they don't follow the rules and become rebellious. He also believes that the youth are lost and are not guided correctly as there may be a lack of role models , this is because he was once a part of the “youths who would rather listen to their favourite rapper than the authority” [36]and then he was able to make a transition in his life because of how one person had an impact on him. Therefore, he believes that everyone is just one person away from their lives being changed and still believes that there is a chance for unprivileged youth in Britain.
Plan B believes that the media in general is a vicious circle because of how once an opinion is formed it will remain for a long while and it’s hard to put the positive into a negative situation. For example, plan B is explained how when he was on set filming outside manor park station he was approached by a group of Asian youths who were telling him and his set to leave their "Turf" in an aggressive way, then a group of big men came and told the Asians youths to leave and helped out Plan B, Plan B then explained to the media what had happened but the media only publish the negative part about the Asian youths and didn’t mention the positive part about him being helped out. This links to Cohen’s media theory of moral panic. 
The target audience for this particular TEDx lecture was aimed at the secondary audience for the film which is the ABC1 demographic. This is because these are the people who look at the media and believe what is being said and then form a whole negative idea about the working class youths and "Chavs" and he trying to make them understand life from their perspective and explain why they're like this. In addition, this is also targeted at the psychographic group of reformers, this is because they are generally the people who have a big interest in society and are keen to make changes.
Plan B also created a music video to express his views about the news media. This music video covered the different stereotypical beliefs that the media usually portray. The music video represents the London rioters as the typical council estate youths, from watching the music video we will get an understanding of how violent they are. This video also reinforces the general stereotype of council estate youths as being negative, violent and criminals. In addition, the police in the London riots are shown to be overpowered by the rioters because of how they are being dominated which is a negative look for the government. Also, the UK's politicians are shown to be careless about the working class people.
This music video offers audience pleasures to two different types of people. Firstly, there are some people who would get a thrill from watching this video as it would give them excitement from seeing all the violence and the rebel behaviour that these London youths are portraying themselves to be like. Also, it could please people who would get a sense of diversion from this. Diversion is basically when you see something on the media that would help you escape from your everyday life, this would please people who are not involved in these types of activities as they would just be able to watch it rather than be involved with it. The fact that plan be created a music video reinforces the well-known stereotypes was considered quite odd because he was trying to get people to understand what life is like from London youths perspective but he presented it to be negative, violent and gritty.
Two days after the London riots, Sky news carried out an interview with a couple of London youths who were believed to be part of gangs. During this interview the youths were asked why they participated in the riots and some of their responses were “I done this to provide for my family I got some stuff for my son, I had to get some stuff for him such as nappies.”[37] This interview provided the audience with a deeper understanding for why the youths participated in the riots. The youths spoke about not being able to get jobs, the government not being able to provide for them and being marginalised from society. Catherine Clarke also mentioned in her book "We also found that media stories are not representative of the youth population as a whole, as they tend to focus on minority groups that are extreme examples of young people”[38] This also supports what Plan B’s beliefs were about how the media is demonising the lower working class people as the media is focusing primarily on them.
In conclusion, it is hard not to come to the conclusion that the British news media did not provide a fair and accurate representation of the youth during the London riots. During the coverage of the 2011 London riots there wasn’t enough about the wider context into what may have caused the riots. "According to David Cameron, the English 'rioter' and 'looter' are of the same breed; namely of the feral underclass type. These people, as Cameron would have it, are foreign to the hard-working, regular citizen and it is through poor life choices and like of meritocratic initiative that they find themselves clinging to the margin of society."[39]  There are many problems within England which may have led to the riots, for example, there are still children living in poverty without the government doing much to help them. “More than half of the city’s children live in poverty”[40].











Work Cited
Academic books
·         Bloom, C. (2012). Riot city: Protest and rebellion in the capital. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
·         Briggs, D. (2012). The English riots of 2011 a summer of discontent. Hook, UK: Waterside Press.
·         Conboy, M. (2007). The language of the news. London: Routledge
·         London riots 2011. (2013). Place of publication not identified: Grin Verlag.
·         Jones, O. (2011). Chavs: The demonization of the working class. London: Verso.
·         Jones, O. (n.d.). The establishment: And how they get away with itTop of Form
·         The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth
·         Clark, C (2014) Media Portrayal of Young People – impact and influences 

Internet links/Journals
The battle for London;
http://www.theguardian.com/media/gallery/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-front-pages-in-pictures

Youth Crime: Representations, Discourses and Data -; http://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upmbinaries/65884_Youth_Crime__Representations,_Discourses_and_Data.pdf
There’s a riot going on;
https://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/media-magazine/articles/16831

'Hoodies, louts, scum': how media demonises teenagers;
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hoodies-louts-scum-how-media-demonises-teenagers-1643964.html

UK Youth;
http://www.ukyouth.org/resources/youth-statistics/item/379-young_people_in_the_media#.Vh5eHvlViko

UK unemployment figures paint bleak picture;
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15262235

London riots: young people voice their frustrations;
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/aug/16/london-riots-young-people-voice-anger

Blame the police: why the rioters say they took part (The guardian);
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/anger-police-fuelled-riots-study             

Daily Mail (The anarchy Spreads) ;
http://twicsy.com/i/5NyBM

London rioters point to poverty and prejudice;
http://www.reuters.com/article/britain-riot-contrast-idUSL6E7J91RM20110809

Birmingham disturbances: Church leaders, MPs and celebrities lead calls for calm;

http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/birmingham-disturbances-church-leaders-mps-159247
The riots in quotes;
http://www.totalpolitics.com/blog/176607/the-riots-in-quotes.thtml

Skepta – Castles;
http://genius.com/Skepta-castles-lyrics

I don’t get politics, me.
http://idontgetpolitics.co.uk/right-left-wing

UK riots- Anarchy in the UK
http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/uk-riots-anarchy-in-the-uk--teenage-147263

Youth, music and London: Plan B at TEDxObserver
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhtAfIw4qJY

London Riots 2011 Sky News - Teen Gang Members Explosive Interview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjWifAuTwJg

Work Consulted
Academic books
·         Clark, C. (2008). Media portrayal of young people impact and influences. Place of publication not identified: National Children's Bureau.
·         Bottom of FormCottle, S. (2006). Mediatized conflict developments in media and conflict studies. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: Open University Press.

·         Negrine, R. (2007). The political communication reader. London: Routledge.
·         Cohen . S (2011) Folk Devils and Moral Panics

Internet Links:
London riots: social media helped gangs orchestrate the looting, says MP;
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/11/riots-social-media-gang-culture
Blame games: putting the London riots on stage; http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/aug/05/chalk-farm-edinburgh-london-riots
English riots were 'a sort of revenge' against the police; http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/riots-revenge-against-police
The UK riots: the psychology of looting ; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-psychology-of-looting
A mathematical model of the London riots and their policing; http://www.nature.com/articles/srep01303?WT.ec_id=SREP-20130226
“The quarrel is between our masters and us their men”: Romeo and Juliet, Dearth, and the London Riots;
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6757.2000.tb01168.x/abstract
Target choice during extreme events: a discrete spatial choice model of the 2011 London riots;
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12004/pdf
Hashtag Lifespan and Social Networks during the London Riots ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275112000315
Who were the rioters?;
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/who-were-the-rioters
Young people voice their anger;
http;//www.theguardian.com/society/2011/aug/16/London-riots-young-people-voice-anger  
England rioters 'poorer, younger, less educated;
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15426720
Why did so many youths riot in London?;
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14467988
Representation of Youth;
http://media.edusites.co.uk/article/ocr-a2-media-studies-g325-section-b-collective-identity-youth/
There’s a riot going on;
https://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/media-magazine/articles/16831
Unbalanced negative media portrayal of youth;
https://www.hertsmere.gov.uk/Documents/08-Parks--Leisure/Children--Young-People/Final-Report---Unbalanced-negative-media-portrayal-of-youth.pdf
London riots: the underclass lashes out;
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8630533/Riots-the-underclass-lashes-out.html
https://www.teachit.co.uk/attachments/20516_1.pdf



[1] The battle for London (The Guardian 2011)
[2] Youth Crime: Representations,
  Discourses and Data -  John Muncie – 2011 – PG 3
[3] London rioters point to poverty and prejudice
[4] ibid
[5] Cohen, S,(2011)
[6] Briggs, D (2014)
[7] There’s a riot going on - Media Magazine 38, December 2011
[8] ibid
[9] 'Hoodies, louts, scum'
[10] ibid
[11] ibid
[12] ibid
[13] There’s a riots going on - Media Magazine 38, December 2011
[14] Birmingham Mail
[15] Haywood, I (2012)
[16] Conboy, M. (2007). Pg 63
[17] London evening standard
[18] I Don’t get politics, me.
[19] UK riots: Anarchy in the UK – Teenage wasteland (Daily Mirror)
[20] ibid
[21] UK Youth article 2013
[22] Youth Crime: Representations,
     Discourses and Data -  John Muncie – 2011 – page 4
[23] UK unemployment figures paint bleak picture (BBC) - 2011
[24] Jones, O (2015)
[25] London riots: young people voice their frustrations – The guardian (2011)
[26] Bloom, C. (2012).
[27] Blame the police: why the rioters say they took part (The guardian) – (2011)
[28] Briggs, D (2014) Pg 45
[29] Ibid
[30] I Don’t get politics, me.
[31] Daily Mail – (2011)
[32] Daily Mail (The anarchy Spreads) – (2011)
[33] Skepta – Castles (Music video)
[34] Daily Star (2011)
[35] Youth, music and London: Plan B at TEDxObserver
[36] ibid
[37] London Riots 2011 Sky News - Teen Gang Members Explosive Interview

[38] Clark, C (2014)
[39] Briggs, D. (2012). 
[40] Jones, O. (2011).